Molecular Mass by Freezing Point Depression Essay

Analysis: 1.)Determine ___ for the solution of cetyl alcohol and of the unknown substance in BHT. 2.)Calculate the molality of the cetyl alcohol solution and use it to calculate the value of the freezing point depression constant,____, for BHT. 3.)Use the calculated value of ___ to find the molecular mass of the unknown solute. Discussion: 1.Give a definition of colligative properties. 2.Draw a phase diagram of a pure substance, and show how addition of a solute affects this diagram. 3.What is the least precise measurement? How does this limit your significant digits? 4.Why is it advantageous to choose a solvent that has a large value for ____? 5.Explain why the pure solvent shows a level horizontal curve as solidification occurs, but the curve for the solution slopes downward slightly. Conclusion: I answered the objective because I was able to determine the molecular mass of the unknown substance by finding the change in freezing point of BHT when the unknown substance was dissolved in it. I learned how to apply __fp and molality. Two errors that could’ve occurred were timing the freezing point  correctly and we might not have had one centimeter in the capillary tube. We didn’t know that we were supposed to stop timing after it started to become transparent, so our timings were all from when the whole centimeter of solution was transparent (except for trial 2). This would have affected our results by making our melting point temperature higher than it really should be. Since we didn’t have exactly one centimeter, the reader could have not seen when it first started. Thus, our time would’ve been higher than it should be too. Two improvements would be making sure we have exactly one centimeter or more in our capillary tubes and possibly just timing our results for a more

Marx, Weber, and Rousseau

The establishment of modern society is tied closely to the common line of thought expressed by modern thinkers like Marx, Weber, and Rousseau. These men all had complicated ideas in regards to the formation of modern society, but they all addressed certain aspects of that development. They all focused their studies on human nature and specifically, how human beings came to live out some of the goofy ideas that are now commonplace. Among those was the important premise of personal property. Modern human society places a great deal of importance on gaining things and this is something that is certainly not new. In fact, it has been around since very early on. Even more important than the material possessions is the actual strife to gain these things, which human beings seem to take great solace in. The overriding characteristics of modern human society can be closely tied to the theories presented by these famed thinkers. They hold similar ideas on how society developed as a result of the acquisition of personal property, and from those ideas, one can quickly gather insight about the overall development of modern society. Marx had his own ideas on personal property that have become something of a resource guide for other thinkers and government formers alike. Karl Marx is a highly misunderstood figure among the American public, because most people are quick to associate him and his ideas to communist ideals. Even though many of his theories were eventually used to found communist nations, it cannot be denied that Marx was a brilliant economist and well rounded thinker. Marx had his own particular opinions on personal property and the accumulation of wealth and he was not shy about sharing those ideas with other people. Marx found capitalistic society to be something that was destined to fail for a few reasons. In his writings, he indicated the price based competition in business would force small businesses out of the mix and would eventually lead to lower wages for people, as big business controls the activity. Marx was not completely right about a lot of his theories in regards to modern society, but he did hit the nail on the head on a few things. Marx had strong feelings on the issue of private property as it relates to the development of a society. He was always of the opinion that human nature was a drastically shifting thing, but it stood strong on a few different foundations. Human beings might change their feelings on a lot of things, but according to Karl Marx, they would never stop with the striving to work hard for their possessions. Work, to Marx, was a much more important aspect of society’s underlying nature than the actual possessions that come as a result of that work. That is why much of Marxism is based upon the theory of work. People in society can not survive without it, even if they have the possessions that they desire. According to Marxism, people will always want to acquire more things than they already have. That is why work is so important to the development of society, in addition to acquiring things in society. Though Marx and fellow thinker Max Webber do not completely agree on the issue of personal property, they do share many of the same underlying beliefs on its role in the development of modern society as it is known today. While Karl Marx held onto the belief that possessions were not the end all for people in modern society, Max Weber felt strongly that they were an important part of what he referred to as The Spirit of Capitalism. Anyone who has studied the thoughts of Max Weber knows that much of his theory is based upon religious things. To him, they played an important role in the shaping of modern society in addition to the economic factors that were so prevalent. That creates a very interesting paradox in his line of thinking. Most of the time, the pursuit of material possessions did not go along with the pursuit of religious purity, but that thinking had to change when modern society was considered. People, on the whole, could pursue both things and they did that in modern society. The Spirit of Capitalism is the most important ideal in Weber’s book and it possesses the basic premise of a pursuit. People did not just desire the goods and the economic wealth; they desired the pursuit of such ventures. That particular wording of the theory brings it closer in line to what Karl Marx wrote about in his literature. It is interesting to consider that over time, Weber’s theory evolves from what he originally thought. As he becomes much deeper in his research of certain aspects of capitalistic society, he understands that religion does play a role in forming how people go after their economic goals, but it is not the only thing. Overriding that religious aspiration is the fact that modern society is a highly competitive place that will chew up people and spit them out if they are not careful. At some point, instinct takes over and individuals have to look out for their own good as opposed to doing the right thing and keeping with Protestant values while going after economic gains. An interesting comparison can be drawn between Weber and Marx when one considers their theory on the development of the modern world and how material possessions played a role in that. According to Weber, the most important way that possessions had an impact was that they caused people to do things that they normally would not do. Weber thought that the desire to work for material possessions took people completely out of their element. In a way, society changed the way that people worked and the way that people dealt with their friends and their family. Human beings, by nature, only want to do just enough to get by and just enough to have the things that they need. When personal possessions are out there to be had, people change their ways, though. Marx believed this to be true, as well, though he does not apply the basic religious principles in his thinking that Max Weber is so quick to apply. On the other hand, Marx always held on to the idea that material possessions changed the way people viewed the world. When faced with the prospect of having to make one’s own success in a capitalist society, people had the tendency to change their world view and make it meet their current situation. For some, this created a false sense of security and a false sense of reality. When people have their world view flipped on its head, it changes the way that they deal with other people and it changes the way that they make decisions in forming a society. Marx enjoyed arguing that Capitalism and the desire for possessions changed the way governments operated and the way that nations were formed. This basic premise is not wrong, as it has certainly bared itself true in many situations over the last one hundred years and change. Another important economic thinker that cannot be left out of the equation is Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He was a man who liked to come up with theories on the basic inner workings of human beings and how they think at a most basic state. His early research was on this fact and later, he came to develop ideas on the development of society. Rousseau makes a point in writings to analyze the role that personal property had on the development of human beings and as such, the development of modern society on the whole. In the beginning, man was content to operate on two basic premises. Human beings would do enough to ensure self-preservation and they would ultimately operate as a result of pity. Those were two basic ideas that eventually had to change as human beings learned to live together in a modern society. Then there was something different introduced into modern society. Someone decided that human beings must take possession of land and other things in society, as the entire dynamic had to change. All of a sudden, the things that were required for basic survival of human beings went from being just air, food, and water to being much more complicated than that. In fact, people had to learn to work in order to keep up with others in society and get the possessions that they learned to covet. That was not the whole of it, though. Human beings not only had to learn to love work in order to sustain themselves personally, they also had to learn to do enough work to sustain the whole body of society. This is an important idea and an important aspect of work that thinkers like Marx and Weber also kept in mind when they were writing down their particular policies. For Jean-Jacques Rousseau, people were not the only ones who were forced to change as a result of the introduction of private property into the equation. Society as a whole had to change to allow for the differences between human beings. Society became much more regimented and things became much more complicated than they had ever been before possessions played a role. In the early days of human society, the biggest and strongest individuals did all of the talking because they had all of the power. Now that possessions were necessary for survival, work became just as necessary. As Marx had mentioned in his writings, the desire to gain possessions was just as important as the material possessions themselves. Therefore, the smart and the shifty were now the people who were put into control. They instantly became more important than the strong folks that used to have complete control over society. That created a society that was broken down into two parts. The society that comes about as a result of private property is one that has a distinct class system. There are the haves and the â€Å"have nots†. Those with the land, money, and possessions are the ones who can impose their will on the people who are not lucky enough to have this type of control. According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, it takes the rich people with the possessions a little while to figure out that they have such power, but when they do, the results are somewhat catastrophic to society as a whole. The moral implications of this type of control are also worth keeping in mind. For the first time, people with the good things in life do their best to start deceiving the people without property. This is the first time that society begins to eat itself alive for the sake of personal property gain. For all three of these theorists, the connection between personal property and human inequality is a strong one. As mentioned before, Rousseau felt that when personal property became important for human society, people began to establish classes and the smart took over where the strong had once been in control. He felt very strongly that personal property was the cause of many of the ills of society that had not originally been in place when society was first being formed. Marx, on the other hand, did not have this strong of a feeling on the matter because his research and his theories were mostly based upon economic principles. He did feel that capitalism was destined to fail because the system would eventually collapse upon itself. Instead of people simply doing enough work for their own personal survival, people started doing work to gain more things than the person next to them. This important theme is one that turned society into a cut throat one. There was now a desire for people to get ahead of their neighbor when there was no other reason to do so. Max Weber understands that the search for new possessions and the ability to work for those things is an extremely important part of the development of society. Human nature is always shifting, so this was just one thing that eventually caused people to compete with one another. In one sense, it was bound to happen, but the creation of a class system happened more quickly because work and possessions came about in the newly forming society. The development of human society cannot be considered without also looking at the development of personal property and work. As Weber, Marx, and Rousseau brought to light in their research, society took a turn when personal property was introduced into the equation. Some felt that this change was for the worst, while others felt that the change was for the good, but it cannot be argued that personal property did nothing to the formation of modern society. When people realized that work and personal property were things that they had to do in order to survive, they began to work just as hard as they ate and just as hard as they breathed. Human nature is such that people will do whatever it takes to survive. That survival moved to include work and because of that, modern society changed in a profound way that no one could easily escape.

Case Study - planning & strategy in small business Essay

Case Study - planning & strategy in small business - Essay Example 56). His management of finances proved to be good. As the owner of the firm, James has proved skillful in managing its finances and thus ensuring that success is attained. The overall overheads in the company have been minimal by the reduced cases of unnecessary taking of risks and by assigning all work in the firm on a sub-contract basis. The reduction of bad debts is another measure of his finance control. His checking of the profit margins involving all the contracts the company awards, the minimal cases of business bad debts and the leasing of land for business expansion has boosted his finance managerial skills. He is experienced and understands the market demand for the business. His vast knowledge on the relationship between employee productivity and their comfort prompted his venturing into this type of business. His business idea was spurred by his experience in the building and construction field and the knowledge on the existing market competition (Thomas 2006, p. 190). The ch ampioning of new ideas and development of existing ones has ensured growth. He is inexperienced at controlling and managing human resources. The result of his taking of human resource management position, which requires a competent person, has led to his arrogant nature in relation to employee-employer relationship. He cannot delegate duties as a result of his mistrust of employees. The effect is reduction in employee performance as a result of lack of team spirit and motivation which develops into low productivity. This is the case in Comfort Homes where James, despite his lack of experience in human resource management takes the position and controls everything without considering his employees in any decision making. He, however, gets things done but the employees do not feel as part of the company. This has led to poor communication system at the firm and lack of new ideas to steer the business towards growth. For instance, the failure to involve Kevin

Innocent until proven guilty by beccaria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Innocent until proven guilty by beccaria - Essay Example This means that nobody is guilty until the case has been proved beyond reasonable doubts. Thus, a person remains innocent until there is concrete evidence that the person is guilty. Sir William Garrow actually conceptualized the phrase. He suggested that suspected criminals should be tried properly in the court of law before they are convicted of the crime. He further posited that the panel of jury must properly ascertain the fact that a criminal committed a crime before being judged. Garrow theorized that the group of jury must proof each case beyond reasonable doubt, or an alternative, depending on the criminal justice system that is prevalent in the country. The notion of innocence came against the backdrop of a popular assumption that most criminals are often accused wrongly and sentenced for offenses that they did not commit in the first place. This was the opinion of a French jurist, Jean Lemoine. He maintained his position by seeking for anonymity in the examination of crimina l evidences in the prosecution of the defendants. The stand of the jurist was to guarantee legal protection for the accused. The jurist further maintained some set of rules that serve as guidelines towards the examination of criminal trials. ... Several countries had incorporated this legal doctrine into their legal codes. In the European community, it has been encoded in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom that any individual charged with a criminal offense is innocent until a criminal law or tribunal convicts such person. The doctrine was indoctrinated into the American legal system via a Supreme Court ruling between Coffin and the United States of America. The American lower court declined this ruling by not recommending the principle to the jury that, criminals are not to be termed as criminals except if they have been tried in a court of law. Although, the principle was rejected by the lower court, but a judge reminded the jury of the principle that no man is guilty except found guilty after proper investigation of the crime that the accused is being indicted for has been carried out. There was a controversy at this point, with the lower court introducing the doctrine of â€Å"beyo nd a reasonable doubt† in the determination of a case. Beccaria was a reformer that reformed the legal system in Europe and the world over. He was against the torture of criminals in the process of cross-examination for the proper discharge of legal proceedings. He viewed torture as a violation against the doctrine that no individual should be sentenced until proven guilty in a law court. He refers to this as the right of power (Beccaria 17). He posited that criminals like every free man are liable for their own actions and are in charge of their actions and can be discouraged by the threat of being punished. He said that the only justification for torture of criminal

Organ Transplants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Organ Transplants - Essay Example If the black market is analyzed, it is seen that most of the sellers are poor while most of the buyers of organs are comparatively wealthy (Satz 10). Most of the organ transfers in the black market are from the poor to the rich, from the third world countries to the first world countries, from non-whites to whites and from females to males (Satz 10). Why is it that these trends reflect the long perceived inequalities in society? There certainly is a link between organ transplantation and societal inequalities, be it on an economic or a health front. This paper thus argues that organ transplants can cause inequality within society. Organ transplantation will demarcate and enhance the pre-existing inequalities in society. As per statistics laid out by the National Kidney Foundation, more than 89,000 patients in the US are currently awaiting organ transplant and about 4000 additional patients are added every month to the waiting list (unckidneycenter.org 1). Each day, 17 patients die waiting for a transplant (1). In 2004, 3,886 patients waiting for kidney transplant, 1,811 patients waiting for liver transplant, 457 patients waiting for heart transplant and 483 patients waiting for lung transplant died while waiting (1). Estimation of people who meet premature death simply waiting for organ transplants is difficult. Worldwide, it is estimated that 700000 patients are on dialysis and in need of kidneys (Erin and Harris 137). In Western Europe alone, 40,000 people wait for kidney transplantation while only 10,000 kidneys become available (137). It is thus obvious that there is a huge shortage of organs, so much so that governments worldwide are considering the prospects of a legalized organ market! Howev er, it is feared that such a market will lead to exploitation of those (such as the poor) who are in desperate need of money, or those (such as women or weak sections of society) who are forced to sell or donate their organs for various reasons.

THE IMPACT OF DRESSING ROOM LIGHTING DIRECTIONS ON CONSUMER Research Paper

THE IMPACT OF DRESSING ROOM LIGHTING DIRECTIONS ON CONSUMER - Research Paper Example The hypothesis are whether there is a positive impact towards lighting in dressing rooms and whether the emotional state of mind of any buyer is affected by the lighting system thereof. The design of the retail stores in aspects of display of clothes, the entrance, space availed for shopping, the dressing space and finally the mood and atmosphere in general, plays a key role in attracting and maintaining customers. The satisfaction of any consumer who comes in the retail shop is at the core of business growth and survival. To the management team, it is vital to lay consideration of the atmosphere of the store and the mood that will arouse the customers for maximum satisfaction. It is very important to understand the mood of the consumer base in order to determine the aspects to focus on in store layout and design. One of the aspects that are mostly sensitized on is the lighting in the dressing room. This analysis looks into the impact in which lighting in the dressing rooms has had in consumer conceptions and perceived decisions. Research is being done on the environment and the effects on arousal of the customer, perceived outlook and finally in making the final p urchase. The dressing room is at the core where the consumer makes the overall decision whether to purchase the outfit or not. The look the customer perceives from the mirror view and the lighting of the room plays the key to decision making. Despite the fact that retailers have gone to extreme lengths to attract consumers with discounts and display the best outfits in stores, this fact alone cannot influence the final decision for making the purchase. A customer will spend more money if his/her shopping experience is satisfied to the maximum (Donovan et al., 1994). Lighting factors to be considered include the positioning of the light i.e. overhead, frontal, side by side or any other position; the amount of lighting dispensed i.e. too

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Marketing Plan - Essay Example has more distinctive products than McDonalds; it has fewer items on the menu, as it focuses more on individual products. It should be highlighted that McDonalds also use traditional print, electronic and radio media followed by internet and new media for publicity and promotion. The company also initiated a promotional campaign named â€Å"I’m Lovin’ it†, sponsored Olympic athletes, host charitable events, Social media etc. to entice maximum customers towards its stores. KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) is an American international food seller that has established more than 15,000 KFC outlets across 109 countries and territories around the world. Indeed, the business serves an estimated 12 million customers each day at its stores. The business is an important competitor of Carl’s Jr. because it offers various similar products. The company has an advertising budget of over $1 billion and sales revenue of $11 billion in 2009 that shows its financial strength and brand acceptance among fast food lovers. In addition, KFC also utilizes all traditional and social media channels. KFC focuses on Product and Market Development through induction of new recipes and food products (such as fiery wings) in its portfolio. Indeed, it launched promotional campaigns including free vouchers, Family Feast Combo, free gifts, KFC buckets, KFC cricket promotion etc. to tempt customers towards its stores. (KFC.com) Hungry Jack is a subsidiary of Burger King Incorporation and it is operational in Australia since 1971. The company has strong brand recognition and establishment in Australia with over 300 stores in 2010. The franchise is unique in a way that it offers a complete range of breakfast, hamburgers, chicken meals, desserts, drinks, sides / salad and kids’ meals to its valued customers. Indeed, the company advertises heavily on electronic media to lure food freaks. Indeed, Hungry Jacks advertises heavily on electronic media for sales promotion campaigns. In addition, the

Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Governance - Essay Example According to laws and theory, the board of directors working in any nonprofit organization are in charge and responsible for the accountability of the organization’s policies. The individuals working in a nonprofit organization are motivated by the fact that they serve the members of the community. They feel satisfied for serving the community although they may not get as much compensation as the members of other profit organizations. IRS believes that the better the governance of the tax exempted firms the more their compliance will be increased (Schuster, 2011). The IRS has been interested in finding that how non-profit organizations (tax exempted) govern themselves. The theory behind the governance is that well governed organizations often comply with the tax laws, safeguard their assets and smoothly carry forward their charitable mission than the organizations with law control. In 2007, Good governance practiced for 501 (c) (3) was published by IRS which consisted of guide lines for the non-profit organization on how they may increase their accountability, their transparency policies, achieve regulatory compliance and can carry on with their status of tax exemption. IRS released several different materials regarding the topic of governance. Recently IRS is conducting a training session for the IRS personnel who are working in non-profit organizations (Nonprofit Governance and the IRS, 2010). The role of board members in non-profit organizations has been important. To meet the needs of the society and to work within the limited resources the board members must work towards strategies and leadership whose main focus is financial sustainability in the organization. It must be a difficult task for the board members to bring their organization to the speed of the current governance practices (Boards and Governance, 2013). The United States congress and IRS have shown interest in the regulation of the non-profit organizations. The IRS suggests that the acti vities of the tax exempted organizations must be in accordance with its tax exempted purpose. The board of directors of such organizations must be in charge of monitoring that whether or not the organization is working in accordance with the policies and purpose of its establishment. The statement written by the non-profit organization in its application for tax exemption must be clear. The board of director must act within their full capacity for achieving the goals of the tax exempting organizations. Any conflict that may prevail in the organization must be addressed by the board of directors. The boards of directors are the most valuable sources of the tax exempted organization according to the IRS. The policies of the tax exempted organization must be transparent so that it must be held accountable for its actions. The filing of the tax exempted organization with the IRS must be correct and accurate. There must be transparency in their mission of establishment. Certain filings o f the tax exempted organization must be stated on their official website for the purpose of review by the general public. IRS has shown interest in paying closer attention to the fund raising activities of the tax exempting organization. IRS has allocated the duty of the board of directors to regularly monitor all the fund raising

English paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

English paper - Essay Example My quest for knowledge and learning ability leads me to write efficiently and learn more in the field of writng. I have the ability to express my feelings about different subjects, like life, nature, politics, history and so on. This course helped me in understanding writing from a different perspective which further helped me in polishing my existing skills. My attitude towards writing changed after the course as I learnt to give my own opinion when it came to discussion about different topics. I no longer depend on other’s opinion and have developed the potential to write on any subject using my own researching skills. I have learnt not to plagiarize and try to research and provide original content with my personal views and knowledge. The originality of the work is what I have learnt through the course. The course has helped me to learn about different topics and study them clearly. I have been able to critically assess different works and pin point the views put down by ot hers. By amalgamating different views and assessing them I have been able to grab the skills of a critical analyst. With time I have also been able to put forward arguments to my own opinions. Arguments to my own opinions help me greatly when it comes to deriving conclusions. In my view a good piece of writing has to have no weakness or so. In my view a good piece of writing is when person is able to express his opinions about a topic with the ground facts about it. The writing should not be bias and should analyze different perspectives. I analyze a good writing based on the opinions given by the writer. The perspectives analyzed are the foremost part which should be noticed. The arguments given by the writer are the second most important part which is to be seen so that one can analyze a good piece of writing. Finally the flow of the writing should be seen and the conclusion given by the writer about the specific topic which is being talked

What is Katniss's greatest character flaw Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is Katniss's greatest character flaw - Essay Example The main character of the book is Katniss Everdeen, Living a life of misery under the feet of the capitol Katniss and her family is deprived of every little joy of life by the oppressive rule of the government who then steps forward to change the system as it is now and restore happiness and dignity of the poor in the society. Katniss has been portrayed as a very intelligent, independent, and courageous sixteen year old girl in the book. But there is another side to Katniss which slightly flaws her personality and distorts her image portrayed in the entire book. No doubt the character of Katniss is very interesting and the best part is the connection it sparks with the readers. However, it is slightly flawed as she lacks one of the major characteristic that is morality in her character. It is true that she faced countless troubles and hardships in her life which as a result made her into a stronger person, but still it is not justified for her to be concerned only about her personal goals by putting others life in danger. By examining the book one can extract out that Katniss was a girl who was deeply attached to only 1 or 2 people in her life. She was emotionally closed to others; hence all her emotions were concentrated on those two most important people in her life. She cares only about her motives despite the fact that unlike her not everyone was playing the game with the same motive and had an intention of winning only but there were several other reasons as well. She clearly lacked moral grounds and her actions were not justified. It would be a disgrace to the word hero if someone says that she possessed the elements and qualities of a hero. Although, her early life was tainted with miseries and oppression which caused her to be the person she has become now but her actions are still not justified. She can be called as a person who fought to save her

Extended Trial Balance Essay Example for Free

Extended Trial Balance Essay The extended trial balance works in very much the same way as the trial balance except that there are a few adjustments to make after which you can then separate out the entries that belong to the balance sheet and which belong to the income statement. The extended trial balance is used for making adjustments to the accounts at the end of an accounting period. The reason for this is because of the matching principle of accounting, where revenues are matched with expenses in the accounting period in which they were incurred; adjusting entries need to be made. These adjusting entries account for such things as expenses that have been incurred but not yet paid, revenues that have been earned but not yet recorded, and depreciation on equipment. Using the extended trial balance also ensures that the full double entry method is used correctly to each adjustment without having the wait for the adjustments to be written into the ledger Example of extended The picture shows that company have made a profit of $3,500 and also the document is ready for the end of the accounting period. However, if the columns above did not equal, the company would have to look to see what error has been made. In the picture you can see extended trial balance with the adjustments and extended figures made and the totals of the columns show to agree. If you are an accountant and you will be using this extended trial balance, you will be able to calculate whether the company has made profit or a loss. From this picture, you can also see that the accountant set up extended trial balance and added the adjustments which included salaries expenses, accounts receivable and revenue. When the adjustments were made the total for each pair of columns (debit and credit) should equal each other which have shown to be true in the table.

Investigating Robbery, Burglary and Larceny Essay Example for Free

Investigating Robbery, Burglary and Larceny Essay Investigating a case of robbery requires employing all the important elements involved in criminal investigation beginning with crime scene processing, interviewing both victims and witnesses, possible method analysis of perpetrating crime, and checking records.  The incident of the robbery occurs so quickly, most of the victims are either in a state of shock or surprise. Hence, victims’ statement should be properly analyzed and investigators should be careful about possibilities of wrong estimation of things by perpetrator’s age, height, and weight by the victim. The important aspect of initial investigation is to have careful retrieval of information present in victim’s subconscious mind. Investigation in burglary begins with the crime scene and it begins with entry and exit. The possibilities of getting fingerprint evidence have been higher at the above mentioned two places as at these places the offender may take off his gloves. A very close analysis of the exact entry point is required. The possibilities of a forced entry and the use of any tool have to be ascertained. Apart from these, other physical evidences in form of dusts and small debris should be collected as these small bits sometimes connects with offender’s clothing, tools and the stolen articles. This form of crime is stealth in nature, possibilities of a witness are bleak and the whole chain of perpetrated crime scene is being created by linking various smaller elements in a chain of events. Larceny has been a crime of opportunities with possibilities of perpetration can be any local setting. Investigation agency looks into the place of incident and tries to ascertain the periodicity of larceny in that area. Even the frequency of the incident of larceny is being correlated with the articles that are of being stolen. As in this case also, possibilities of getting a witness is bleak, the investigation agencies look of any CCTV footage to get hold of perpetrator and in case of absence of any visual assistance, a list of all visitors is developed and are interviewed over certain issues like the purpose of visit and information they could provide about other visitors.

Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF)

Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) INTRODUCTION OF RELIANCE MUTUAL FUND Overview Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) is one of Indias leading Mutual Funds, with Average Assets Under Management (AAUM) of Rs. 1,22,252 CRORES and an investor base of over 72.40 Lacs. (AAUM and investor count as of November 2009) For its 7.3 million investors, RMF offers a well-rounded portfolio of products that meet varying requirements. They are served from offices across 226 locations in India, offices in Dubai, Singapore, Mauritius and UK Reliance Mutual Fund, a part of the Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group, is one of the fastest growing mutual funds in the country. RMF offers investors a well-rounded portfolio of products to meet varying investor requirements and has presence in 118 cities across the country. Reliance Mutual Fund constantly endeavors to launch innovative products and customer service initiatives to increase value to investors. Reliance Mutual Fund schemes are managed by Reliance Capital Asset Management Limited., a subsidiary of Reliance Capital Limited, which holds 93.37% of the paid-up capital of RCAM, the balance paid up capital being held by minority shareholders. Reliance Capital Ltd. is one of Indias leading and fastest growing private sector financial services companies, and ranks among the top 3 private sector financial services and banking companies, in terms of net worth. Reliance Capital Ltd. has interests in asset management, life and general insurance, private equity and proprietary investments, stock broking and other financial services. Sponsor: Reliance Capital Limited Trustee: Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited Investment Manager or Asset Manager: Reliance Capital Asset Management Limited Statutory Details: The Sponsor, the Trustee and the Investment Manager are incorporated under the Companies Act 1956. Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) has been established as a trust under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 with Reliance Capital Limited (RCL), as the Settlor/Sponsor and Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited (RCTCL), as the Trustee. RMF has been registered with the Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) vide registration number MF/022/95/1 dated June 30, 1995. The name of Reliance Capital Mutual Fund has been changed to Reliance Mutual Fund effective 11th. March 2004 vide SEBIs letter no. IMD/PSP/4958/2004 date 11th. March 2004. Reliance Mutual Fund was formed to launch various schemes under which units are issued to the Public with a view to contribute to the capital market and to provide investors the opportunities to make investments in diversified securities The main objectives of the Trust are: To carry on the activity of a Mutual Fund as may be permitted at law and formulate and devise various collective Schemes of savings and investments for people in India and abroad and also ensure liquidity of investments for the Unit holders; To deploy Funds thus raised so as to help the Unit holders earn reasonable returns on their savings and To take such steps as may be necessary from time to time to realize the effects without any limitation. Risk Factors: Mutual Funds and securities investments are subject to market risks and there is no assurance or guarantee that the objectives of the Scheme will be achieved. As with any investment in securities, the NAV of the Units issued under the Scheme can go up or down depending on the factors and forces affecting the capital markets. Past performance of the Sponsor/AMC/Mutual Fund is not indicative of the future performance of the Scheme. The Sponsor is not responsible or liable for any loss resulting from the operation of the Scheme beyond their initial contribution of Rs.1 lakh towards the setting up of the Mutual Fund and such other accretions and additions to the corpus. The NAV of the Scheme may be affected, interalia, by changes in the market conditions, interest rates, trading volumes, settlement periods and transfer procedures. The Mutual Fund is not assuring that it will make periodical dividend distributions, though it has every intention of doing so. All dividend dist ributions are subject to the availability of distributable surplus in the Scheme. Vision Statement To be a globally respected wealth creator with an emphasis on customer care and a culture of good corporate governance Mission Statement To create and nurture a world-class, high performance environment aimed at delighting our customers Corporate Governance Corporate Governance Policy: Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. has a vision of being a leading player in the Mutual Fund business and has achieved significant success and visibility in the market. However, an imperative part of growth and visibility is adherence to Good Conduct in the marketplace. At Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd., the implementation and observance of ethical processes and policies has helped us in standing up to the scrutiny of our domestic and international investors. Management: The management at Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. is committed to good Corporate Governance, which includes transparency and timely dissemination of information to its investors and unit holders. The Board of Directors of RCAM is a professional body, including well-experienced and knowledgeable Independent Members. Regular Audit Committee meetings are conducted to review the operations and performance of the company. Employees: Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. has at present, a code of conduct for all its officers. It has a clearly defined prohibition on insider trading policy and regulations. The management believes in the principles of propriety and utmost care is taken while handling public money, making proper and adequate disclosures. All personnel at Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd are made aware of their rights, obligations and duties as part of the Dealing Policy laid down in terms of SEBI guidelines. They are taken through a well-designed HR program, conducted to impart work ethics, the Code of Conduct, information security, Internet and e-mail usage and a host of other issues. One of the core objectives of Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. is to identify issues considered sensitive by global corporate standards, and implement policies/guidelines in conformity with the best practices as an ongoing process. Reliance Mutual Fund Schemes: Equity/Growth Schemes The aim of growth funds is to provide capital appreciation over the medium to long- term. Such schemes normally invest a major part of their corpus in equities. Such funds have comparatively high risks. These schemes provide different options to the investors like dividend option, capital appreciation, etc. and the investors may choose an option depending on their preferences. The investors must indicate the option in the application form. The mutual funds also allow the investors to change the options at a later date. Growth schemes are good for investors having a long-term outlook seeking appreciation over a period of time. Debt/Income Schemes The aim of income funds is to provide regular and steady income to investors. Such schemes generally invest in fixed income securities such as bonds, corporate debentures, Government securities and money market instruments. Such funds are less risky compared to equity schemes. These funds are not affected because of fluctuations in equity markets. However, opportunities of capital appreciation are also limited in such funds. The NAVs of such funds are affected because of change in interest rates in the country. If the interest rates fall, NAVs of such funds are likely to increase in the short run and vice versa. However, long term investors may not bother about these fluctuations. Sector Specific Schemes These are the funds/schemes which invest in the securities of only those sectors or industries as specified in the offer documents. e.g. Pharmaceuticals, Software, Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), Petroleum stocks, etc. The returns in these funds are dependent on the performance of the respective sectors/industries. While these funds may give higher returns, they are more risky compared to diversified funds. Investors need to keep a watch on the performance of those sectors/industries and must exit at an appropriate time. They may also seek advice of an expert. Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) are usually passively managed mutual fund schemes tracking a benchmark index and reflect the performance of that index. These schemes are listed on the stock exchange and therefore have the flexibility of trading like a share on the stock exchange. It can also be looked as a security that tracks an index, a commodity or a basket of assets like an index fund, but trades like a stock on an exchange, thus experiencing price changes throughout the day as it is bought and sold. Fixed Maturity Plans (FMPs) Fixed Maturity Plans (FMPs) are basically debt oriented investment schemes with a pre-specified tenure offered by mutual funds. FMPs invest in a portfolio of debt instruments whose maturity coincides with the maturity of the concerned FMP. The primary objective of a FMP is to generate income while aiming to protect the capital by investing in a portfolio of debt and money market securities. Since FMPs are available with several maturity options, one can invest in the relevant plan depending upon his investment horizon and the requirement of cash flows. Interval Fund / Fixed Maturity Plan Reliance Interval Fund (A Debt Oriented Interval Scheme): The investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund Plan C (A close-ended scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the scheme with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A close-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the scheme with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Portfolio management services: Overview Reliance Portfolio Management Services is an exclusive offering from the portfolio management division of Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Reliance Capital Ltd., Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. is also the investment manager for Reliance Mutual Fund schemes wherein it manages assets worth over Rs. 42,200 crores (as on Feb 28, 2007) Reliance Portfolio Management Services is a premium financial service, offering innovative exclusive products through discretionary advisory services. Our expertise has earned the trust of thousands of high net-worth individual/ institutional investors and created a family that is constantly growing. Reliance Portfolio Management Services can conduct your investments with true finesse coupled with passion and innovation. Reliance Portfolio Management Services is a part of Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Reliance Capital Ltd. Reliance Capital Ltd. is one of Indias leading and fastest growing private sector financial services companies, and ranks among the top 3 private sector financial services and banking companies, in terms of net worth. Reliance Capital Ltd. has interests in asset management, life and general insurance, private equity and proprietary investments, stock broking and other financial services Organizational philosophy When it comes to managing investments what one needs is the fine harmony and the scale of an orchestra. Essentially, this translates to a special kind of skill that understands the finer nuances and appreciates the subtle notes. Only then can the instrumentation deliver a consistently enhanced performance. Now, you can get that kind of superior orchestration for your investment portfolio. Introducing Reliance Portfolio Management Services (Reliance PMS), a premium financial offering for select investors. An exclusive service, where a diligent team of talented professionals with diverse skill sets orchestrate your investments to deliver optimum returns. And a consistently laudable performance. Investmant philosophy A rich canvas of melodies.. At Reliance PMS you can expect a multitude of innovative investment options to serve varying investment objectives. The spectrum of asset classes traverses from the traditional asset classes, such as equities, fixed income or gold, to emerging ones, such as structured products or realty. Their Aim: To traverse the journey of your wealth creation with you by leveraging these asset options. They constantly endeavor to deliver competitive returns through a conservative and a diligent fund management framework, that is supported by rigorous analysis and a proven investment methodology The keynotes to perfection Minimizing Risks, Optimizing Gains All great scores being with a plan. To make beautiful music and surpass all expectations. Their strategy is quite similar. An increasing investor base is a reflection of the trust that investors repose in us, which we respect. Hence the safety of our investors assets is of utmost priority and this is the foundation of our investment philosophy. At Reliance PMS, they view every portfolio with the diligence of a musician composing a new score. Fine-tuning. Enhancing. Improving. Constantly working towards superior orchestration of your portfolio. Naturally, this is only possible if the foundation is sound. Strong investments, pure harmonies what we believe in Strong melodies call for a fine conductor. Reliance Portfolio Management Services can conduct your investments with utmost perfection. Our investment beliefs form the core of what we do. Our foundation is based on five key elements: Canvas, Concentration, Cash and Flexibility, Customisation and Customer Service. And it is with this rock solid base that we plan a fine crescendo for your investments Reliance PMS advantage: you As a Reliance PMS customer, we get a lot more than just superior portfolio management. We get the advantage of a solid and reputable track record backed by the expertise of a sound and stable investment team. Their philosophy lays considerable emphasis on an intensive research based, bottom-up, stock picking approach with a bias towards customizing the product offerings for our investors and business associates. They strongly believe that our investments should be adaptable enough to succeed in any market situation. Which is why our investment philosophy revolves around a solid bottom-up approach. So its true, when you invest with Reliance PMS, its certain that you will have all your investments in perfect sync. The composers score fund management Process All great scores begin with a plan. To make beautiful music and surpass all expectations. Their process is quite similar. All potential investment opportunities are subjected to extensive research, which includes analysis of various macro and micro economic indicators, related to specific sector company and or industry. This coupled with company visits and extensive interaction facilitates a data pool, which becomes the foundation of the process. Following are various services or investment schemes offered by Reliance Portfolio Management: 1). Absolute freedom option: This investment option is a highly flexible one with a very direct focus. To make the most of investment openings across a wide gamut of large cap, mid cap and small cap stocks. The aim of this product is to deliver positive absolute returns. It plans to do this by focusing on research based value investing to cover potentially investment-worthy companies. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 2 Crores 2). Large cap option: This portfolio model endeavors to generate capital appreciation by investing in companies drawn primarily from the Top 250 companies. These companies are ranked on the basis of market capitalization. The focus over here is on companies with a proven track record and a favorable medium to long-term outlook. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 2 Crores 3). Small Mid cap option: Capital appreciation through bottom up stock picking is of priority here with a special emphasis on the small and mid-cap space. Incisive and keen research is the backbone of this product. A dedicated research team will initiate portfolio building by discovering businesses that are relatively new and less tracked. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 2 Crores 4). Concentrated option: The investment objective of concentrated option is to achieve long term capital appreciation from equity and equity related investments. This investment option endeavors to invest disproportionate corpus in large and mid cap high growth companies that would be able to compound wealth over medium to long term. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount: Resident Indian: Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Tranche 1: INR 50 Lacs Tranche 2: INR 25 Lacs* Tranche 3: INR 25 Lacs* Non Resident Indian: INR 1 Crores 5). Emerging sector opportunity option: The Trinity Option which is a part of Emerging Sector Opportunity Option shall invest in a combination of sectors in order to cater to specific investor requirements and market conditions. The Trinity Series will look at investment opportunities in Natural Resources, Infrastructure Capital Goods and Financial Services. The Trinity Series offer the investors an opportunity to be part of the emerging sectors which would be the engines of growth and key drivers of the Indian economy Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 1 Crores Fixed income schemes under portfolio management services: All Season Debt Shield Aggressive Returns Option: A highly flexible investment option, which offers a diversified investment portfolio across ratings and the yield curve. Fixed Maturity Option: A relatively protective investment option with investments predominantly locked for the duration of the scheme. In certain scenarios, there might be partial redemption allowed, without a significant impact on the portfolio returns. Liquidity Option: The underlying tone of this investment option is to essentially provide the investors with superior returns as compared to traditional open-ended money market schemes. Blended Debt Plus Best of Funds Option Under this option, investments shall be made in units of different mutual funds. This option is designed to achieve even greater diversification than traditional mutual funds. Structured products solution: Structured Products are Investment instruments that combine at least one derivative with assets such as equity and fixed income securities. Such products are fast emerging as an alternate asset class among HNI/ Institutional investors providing opportunities that capture potential upsides of the equity universe with capital protection. Customized solutions: At Reliance PMS believe in delivering more than what the customer expects, customized solutions are just a step towards it. Customized solutions are investments specially created to meet needs that cannot be met from the standardized financial instruments available in the market. Customized solutions capture the characteristics of traditional and nontraditional investments with financial instruments. The strategic combination of these components provides control and flexibility to address those investors whose investment objective is not met through traditional investments available. AMC (Asset Management Company) of Reliance Mutual fund: A company that invests its clients pooled fundinto securities that match its declared financial objectives. Asset management companies provide investors with more diversification and investing options than they would have by themselves. Mutual funds, hedge funds andpension plans are all run by asset management companies. These companies earn income by charging service fees to their clients. AMCs offer their clients more diversificationbecause they have a larger pool of resources than the individual investor.Pooling assets together and paying out proportional returns allows investors to avoid minimum investment requirements often required when purchasing securities on their own,as well as the ability toinvest in a larger set of securities with a smaller investment AMC has to discharge mainly three functions as under: Taking investment decisions and making investments of the funds through market dealer/brokers in the secondary market securities or directly in the primary capital market or money market instruments Realize fund position by taking account of all receivables and realizations, moving corporate actions involving declaration of dividends,etc to compensate investors for their investments in units; and Maintaining proper accounting and information for pricing the units and arriving at net asset value (NAV), the information about the listed schemes and the transactions of units in the secondary market. AMC has to feed back the trustees about its fund management operations and has to maintain a perfect information system. Structure of AMC: RCAM has been appointed as the Asset Management Company of Reliance Mutual Fund by The Trustee vide Investment Management Agreement (IMA) dated May 12, 1995 and executed between Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited and Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. and amended on August 12, 1997 in line with SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996). Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd.(RCAM) is an unlisted Public Limited Company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 on February 24, 1995, having its registered office at Reliance House, Near. Mardia Plaza, Off. C.G. Road, Ahmedabad, 380 006 and its Corporate Office at One Indiabulls Centre, Tower 1, Jupiter Mills Compound , 841, Senapati Bapat Marg, Elphinstone Road, Mumbai 400 013. Directors of the company include Amitabh Jhunjhunwala, a senior executive of ADAG. Amitabh Chaturvedi is the managing director of the AMC. As of end August 2006, Reliance mutual fund has Rs 28,753 crore of assets under management. Reliance Equity Fund, launched by Reliance MF in early 2006, is the largest mutual find scheme in the country with a fund size of over Rs 5,500 crore. The net worth of the Asset Management Company based on audited accounts as on March 31, 2009 is Rs. 841.32 Crore. Here is a list of mutual funds of Reliance which includes Debt/Income Funds , Equity Funds and Sector Specific Funds. Latest NAV Scheme Name NAV (Net Asset Value) Date Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Growth Plan Bonus Option 13.4254 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Growth Plan Growth Option 18.7981 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Monthly Dividend Plan 10.3827 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Quarterly Dividend Plan 10.8016 03-Dec-2009 Reliance NRI Income Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 11.8741 03-Dec-2009 Reliance NRI Income Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 11.8741 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Short Term Fund-Dividend Re-investment Plan 10.6417 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Short Term Fund-Growth Plan 17.1406 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Short Term Fund-Quarterly Dividend Plan 13.5299 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Banking Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 31.2926 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Banking Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 78.4123 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Banking Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 78.4123 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend 47.6648 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund-Growth-Bonus 76.6486 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund-Growth-Growth 76.6486 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 15.1151 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 15.1151 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 15.1151 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 19.3456 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 27.3863 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 27.3863 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Growth Fund-Dividend Plan-(D) 53.3177 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Growth Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 68.9535 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Growth Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 415.6732 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Media Entertainment Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 18.0409 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Media Entertainment Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 2 Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) INTRODUCTION OF RELIANCE MUTUAL FUND Overview Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) is one of Indias leading Mutual Funds, with Average Assets Under Management (AAUM) of Rs. 1,22,252 CRORES and an investor base of over 72.40 Lacs. (AAUM and investor count as of November 2009) For its 7.3 million investors, RMF offers a well-rounded portfolio of products that meet varying requirements. They are served from offices across 226 locations in India, offices in Dubai, Singapore, Mauritius and UK Reliance Mutual Fund, a part of the Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group, is one of the fastest growing mutual funds in the country. RMF offers investors a well-rounded portfolio of products to meet varying investor requirements and has presence in 118 cities across the country. Reliance Mutual Fund constantly endeavors to launch innovative products and customer service initiatives to increase value to investors. Reliance Mutual Fund schemes are managed by Reliance Capital Asset Management Limited., a subsidiary of Reliance Capital Limited, which holds 93.37% of the paid-up capital of RCAM, the balance paid up capital being held by minority shareholders. Reliance Capital Ltd. is one of Indias leading and fastest growing private sector financial services companies, and ranks among the top 3 private sector financial services and banking companies, in terms of net worth. Reliance Capital Ltd. has interests in asset management, life and general insurance, private equity and proprietary investments, stock broking and other financial services. Sponsor: Reliance Capital Limited Trustee: Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited Investment Manager or Asset Manager: Reliance Capital Asset Management Limited Statutory Details: The Sponsor, the Trustee and the Investment Manager are incorporated under the Companies Act 1956. Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) has been established as a trust under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 with Reliance Capital Limited (RCL), as the Settlor/Sponsor and Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited (RCTCL), as the Trustee. RMF has been registered with the Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) vide registration number MF/022/95/1 dated June 30, 1995. The name of Reliance Capital Mutual Fund has been changed to Reliance Mutual Fund effective 11th. March 2004 vide SEBIs letter no. IMD/PSP/4958/2004 date 11th. March 2004. Reliance Mutual Fund was formed to launch various schemes under which units are issued to the Public with a view to contribute to the capital market and to provide investors the opportunities to make investments in diversified securities The main objectives of the Trust are: To carry on the activity of a Mutual Fund as may be permitted at law and formulate and devise various collective Schemes of savings and investments for people in India and abroad and also ensure liquidity of investments for the Unit holders; To deploy Funds thus raised so as to help the Unit holders earn reasonable returns on their savings and To take such steps as may be necessary from time to time to realize the effects without any limitation. Risk Factors: Mutual Funds and securities investments are subject to market risks and there is no assurance or guarantee that the objectives of the Scheme will be achieved. As with any investment in securities, the NAV of the Units issued under the Scheme can go up or down depending on the factors and forces affecting the capital markets. Past performance of the Sponsor/AMC/Mutual Fund is not indicative of the future performance of the Scheme. The Sponsor is not responsible or liable for any loss resulting from the operation of the Scheme beyond their initial contribution of Rs.1 lakh towards the setting up of the Mutual Fund and such other accretions and additions to the corpus. The NAV of the Scheme may be affected, interalia, by changes in the market conditions, interest rates, trading volumes, settlement periods and transfer procedures. The Mutual Fund is not assuring that it will make periodical dividend distributions, though it has every intention of doing so. All dividend dist ributions are subject to the availability of distributable surplus in the Scheme. Vision Statement To be a globally respected wealth creator with an emphasis on customer care and a culture of good corporate governance Mission Statement To create and nurture a world-class, high performance environment aimed at delighting our customers Corporate Governance Corporate Governance Policy: Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. has a vision of being a leading player in the Mutual Fund business and has achieved significant success and visibility in the market. However, an imperative part of growth and visibility is adherence to Good Conduct in the marketplace. At Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd., the implementation and observance of ethical processes and policies has helped us in standing up to the scrutiny of our domestic and international investors. Management: The management at Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. is committed to good Corporate Governance, which includes transparency and timely dissemination of information to its investors and unit holders. The Board of Directors of RCAM is a professional body, including well-experienced and knowledgeable Independent Members. Regular Audit Committee meetings are conducted to review the operations and performance of the company. Employees: Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. has at present, a code of conduct for all its officers. It has a clearly defined prohibition on insider trading policy and regulations. The management believes in the principles of propriety and utmost care is taken while handling public money, making proper and adequate disclosures. All personnel at Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd are made aware of their rights, obligations and duties as part of the Dealing Policy laid down in terms of SEBI guidelines. They are taken through a well-designed HR program, conducted to impart work ethics, the Code of Conduct, information security, Internet and e-mail usage and a host of other issues. One of the core objectives of Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. is to identify issues considered sensitive by global corporate standards, and implement policies/guidelines in conformity with the best practices as an ongoing process. Reliance Mutual Fund Schemes: Equity/Growth Schemes The aim of growth funds is to provide capital appreciation over the medium to long- term. Such schemes normally invest a major part of their corpus in equities. Such funds have comparatively high risks. These schemes provide different options to the investors like dividend option, capital appreciation, etc. and the investors may choose an option depending on their preferences. The investors must indicate the option in the application form. The mutual funds also allow the investors to change the options at a later date. Growth schemes are good for investors having a long-term outlook seeking appreciation over a period of time. Debt/Income Schemes The aim of income funds is to provide regular and steady income to investors. Such schemes generally invest in fixed income securities such as bonds, corporate debentures, Government securities and money market instruments. Such funds are less risky compared to equity schemes. These funds are not affected because of fluctuations in equity markets. However, opportunities of capital appreciation are also limited in such funds. The NAVs of such funds are affected because of change in interest rates in the country. If the interest rates fall, NAVs of such funds are likely to increase in the short run and vice versa. However, long term investors may not bother about these fluctuations. Sector Specific Schemes These are the funds/schemes which invest in the securities of only those sectors or industries as specified in the offer documents. e.g. Pharmaceuticals, Software, Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), Petroleum stocks, etc. The returns in these funds are dependent on the performance of the respective sectors/industries. While these funds may give higher returns, they are more risky compared to diversified funds. Investors need to keep a watch on the performance of those sectors/industries and must exit at an appropriate time. They may also seek advice of an expert. Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) are usually passively managed mutual fund schemes tracking a benchmark index and reflect the performance of that index. These schemes are listed on the stock exchange and therefore have the flexibility of trading like a share on the stock exchange. It can also be looked as a security that tracks an index, a commodity or a basket of assets like an index fund, but trades like a stock on an exchange, thus experiencing price changes throughout the day as it is bought and sold. Fixed Maturity Plans (FMPs) Fixed Maturity Plans (FMPs) are basically debt oriented investment schemes with a pre-specified tenure offered by mutual funds. FMPs invest in a portfolio of debt instruments whose maturity coincides with the maturity of the concerned FMP. The primary objective of a FMP is to generate income while aiming to protect the capital by investing in a portfolio of debt and money market securities. Since FMPs are available with several maturity options, one can invest in the relevant plan depending upon his investment horizon and the requirement of cash flows. Interval Fund / Fixed Maturity Plan Reliance Interval Fund (A Debt Oriented Interval Scheme): The investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund Plan C (A close-ended scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the scheme with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A close-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the scheme with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Reliance Fixed Horizon Fund (A closed-ended income scheme): The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate regular returns and growth of capital by investing in a diversified portfolio of Central and State Government securities and other fixed income/ debt securities normally maturing in line with the time profile of the plan with the objective of limiting interest rate volatility. Portfolio management services: Overview Reliance Portfolio Management Services is an exclusive offering from the portfolio management division of Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Reliance Capital Ltd., Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. is also the investment manager for Reliance Mutual Fund schemes wherein it manages assets worth over Rs. 42,200 crores (as on Feb 28, 2007) Reliance Portfolio Management Services is a premium financial service, offering innovative exclusive products through discretionary advisory services. Our expertise has earned the trust of thousands of high net-worth individual/ institutional investors and created a family that is constantly growing. Reliance Portfolio Management Services can conduct your investments with true finesse coupled with passion and innovation. Reliance Portfolio Management Services is a part of Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Reliance Capital Ltd. Reliance Capital Ltd. is one of Indias leading and fastest growing private sector financial services companies, and ranks among the top 3 private sector financial services and banking companies, in terms of net worth. Reliance Capital Ltd. has interests in asset management, life and general insurance, private equity and proprietary investments, stock broking and other financial services Organizational philosophy When it comes to managing investments what one needs is the fine harmony and the scale of an orchestra. Essentially, this translates to a special kind of skill that understands the finer nuances and appreciates the subtle notes. Only then can the instrumentation deliver a consistently enhanced performance. Now, you can get that kind of superior orchestration for your investment portfolio. Introducing Reliance Portfolio Management Services (Reliance PMS), a premium financial offering for select investors. An exclusive service, where a diligent team of talented professionals with diverse skill sets orchestrate your investments to deliver optimum returns. And a consistently laudable performance. Investmant philosophy A rich canvas of melodies.. At Reliance PMS you can expect a multitude of innovative investment options to serve varying investment objectives. The spectrum of asset classes traverses from the traditional asset classes, such as equities, fixed income or gold, to emerging ones, such as structured products or realty. Their Aim: To traverse the journey of your wealth creation with you by leveraging these asset options. They constantly endeavor to deliver competitive returns through a conservative and a diligent fund management framework, that is supported by rigorous analysis and a proven investment methodology The keynotes to perfection Minimizing Risks, Optimizing Gains All great scores being with a plan. To make beautiful music and surpass all expectations. Their strategy is quite similar. An increasing investor base is a reflection of the trust that investors repose in us, which we respect. Hence the safety of our investors assets is of utmost priority and this is the foundation of our investment philosophy. At Reliance PMS, they view every portfolio with the diligence of a musician composing a new score. Fine-tuning. Enhancing. Improving. Constantly working towards superior orchestration of your portfolio. Naturally, this is only possible if the foundation is sound. Strong investments, pure harmonies what we believe in Strong melodies call for a fine conductor. Reliance Portfolio Management Services can conduct your investments with utmost perfection. Our investment beliefs form the core of what we do. Our foundation is based on five key elements: Canvas, Concentration, Cash and Flexibility, Customisation and Customer Service. And it is with this rock solid base that we plan a fine crescendo for your investments Reliance PMS advantage: you As a Reliance PMS customer, we get a lot more than just superior portfolio management. We get the advantage of a solid and reputable track record backed by the expertise of a sound and stable investment team. Their philosophy lays considerable emphasis on an intensive research based, bottom-up, stock picking approach with a bias towards customizing the product offerings for our investors and business associates. They strongly believe that our investments should be adaptable enough to succeed in any market situation. Which is why our investment philosophy revolves around a solid bottom-up approach. So its true, when you invest with Reliance PMS, its certain that you will have all your investments in perfect sync. The composers score fund management Process All great scores begin with a plan. To make beautiful music and surpass all expectations. Their process is quite similar. All potential investment opportunities are subjected to extensive research, which includes analysis of various macro and micro economic indicators, related to specific sector company and or industry. This coupled with company visits and extensive interaction facilitates a data pool, which becomes the foundation of the process. Following are various services or investment schemes offered by Reliance Portfolio Management: 1). Absolute freedom option: This investment option is a highly flexible one with a very direct focus. To make the most of investment openings across a wide gamut of large cap, mid cap and small cap stocks. The aim of this product is to deliver positive absolute returns. It plans to do this by focusing on research based value investing to cover potentially investment-worthy companies. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 2 Crores 2). Large cap option: This portfolio model endeavors to generate capital appreciation by investing in companies drawn primarily from the Top 250 companies. These companies are ranked on the basis of market capitalization. The focus over here is on companies with a proven track record and a favorable medium to long-term outlook. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 2 Crores 3). Small Mid cap option: Capital appreciation through bottom up stock picking is of priority here with a special emphasis on the small and mid-cap space. Incisive and keen research is the backbone of this product. A dedicated research team will initiate portfolio building by discovering businesses that are relatively new and less tracked. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 2 Crores 4). Concentrated option: The investment objective of concentrated option is to achieve long term capital appreciation from equity and equity related investments. This investment option endeavors to invest disproportionate corpus in large and mid cap high growth companies that would be able to compound wealth over medium to long term. Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount: Resident Indian: Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Tranche 1: INR 50 Lacs Tranche 2: INR 25 Lacs* Tranche 3: INR 25 Lacs* Non Resident Indian: INR 1 Crores 5). Emerging sector opportunity option: The Trinity Option which is a part of Emerging Sector Opportunity Option shall invest in a combination of sectors in order to cater to specific investor requirements and market conditions. The Trinity Series will look at investment opportunities in Natural Resources, Infrastructure Capital Goods and Financial Services. The Trinity Series offer the investors an opportunity to be part of the emerging sectors which would be the engines of growth and key drivers of the Indian economy Investment Time Horizon: 3 years more Minimum Investment Amount : Resident Indian: INR 1 Crore Non Resident Indian: INR 1 Crores Fixed income schemes under portfolio management services: All Season Debt Shield Aggressive Returns Option: A highly flexible investment option, which offers a diversified investment portfolio across ratings and the yield curve. Fixed Maturity Option: A relatively protective investment option with investments predominantly locked for the duration of the scheme. In certain scenarios, there might be partial redemption allowed, without a significant impact on the portfolio returns. Liquidity Option: The underlying tone of this investment option is to essentially provide the investors with superior returns as compared to traditional open-ended money market schemes. Blended Debt Plus Best of Funds Option Under this option, investments shall be made in units of different mutual funds. This option is designed to achieve even greater diversification than traditional mutual funds. Structured products solution: Structured Products are Investment instruments that combine at least one derivative with assets such as equity and fixed income securities. Such products are fast emerging as an alternate asset class among HNI/ Institutional investors providing opportunities that capture potential upsides of the equity universe with capital protection. Customized solutions: At Reliance PMS believe in delivering more than what the customer expects, customized solutions are just a step towards it. Customized solutions are investments specially created to meet needs that cannot be met from the standardized financial instruments available in the market. Customized solutions capture the characteristics of traditional and nontraditional investments with financial instruments. The strategic combination of these components provides control and flexibility to address those investors whose investment objective is not met through traditional investments available. AMC (Asset Management Company) of Reliance Mutual fund: A company that invests its clients pooled fundinto securities that match its declared financial objectives. Asset management companies provide investors with more diversification and investing options than they would have by themselves. Mutual funds, hedge funds andpension plans are all run by asset management companies. These companies earn income by charging service fees to their clients. AMCs offer their clients more diversificationbecause they have a larger pool of resources than the individual investor.Pooling assets together and paying out proportional returns allows investors to avoid minimum investment requirements often required when purchasing securities on their own,as well as the ability toinvest in a larger set of securities with a smaller investment AMC has to discharge mainly three functions as under: Taking investment decisions and making investments of the funds through market dealer/brokers in the secondary market securities or directly in the primary capital market or money market instruments Realize fund position by taking account of all receivables and realizations, moving corporate actions involving declaration of dividends,etc to compensate investors for their investments in units; and Maintaining proper accounting and information for pricing the units and arriving at net asset value (NAV), the information about the listed schemes and the transactions of units in the secondary market. AMC has to feed back the trustees about its fund management operations and has to maintain a perfect information system. Structure of AMC: RCAM has been appointed as the Asset Management Company of Reliance Mutual Fund by The Trustee vide Investment Management Agreement (IMA) dated May 12, 1995 and executed between Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited and Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd. and amended on August 12, 1997 in line with SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996). Reliance Capital Asset Management Ltd.(RCAM) is an unlisted Public Limited Company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 on February 24, 1995, having its registered office at Reliance House, Near. Mardia Plaza, Off. C.G. Road, Ahmedabad, 380 006 and its Corporate Office at One Indiabulls Centre, Tower 1, Jupiter Mills Compound , 841, Senapati Bapat Marg, Elphinstone Road, Mumbai 400 013. Directors of the company include Amitabh Jhunjhunwala, a senior executive of ADAG. Amitabh Chaturvedi is the managing director of the AMC. As of end August 2006, Reliance mutual fund has Rs 28,753 crore of assets under management. Reliance Equity Fund, launched by Reliance MF in early 2006, is the largest mutual find scheme in the country with a fund size of over Rs 5,500 crore. The net worth of the Asset Management Company based on audited accounts as on March 31, 2009 is Rs. 841.32 Crore. Here is a list of mutual funds of Reliance which includes Debt/Income Funds , Equity Funds and Sector Specific Funds. Latest NAV Scheme Name NAV (Net Asset Value) Date Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Growth Plan Bonus Option 13.4254 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Growth Plan Growth Option 18.7981 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Monthly Dividend Plan 10.3827 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Medium Term Fund-Retail Plan Quarterly Dividend Plan 10.8016 03-Dec-2009 Reliance NRI Income Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 11.8741 03-Dec-2009 Reliance NRI Income Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 11.8741 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Short Term Fund-Dividend Re-investment Plan 10.6417 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Short Term Fund-Growth Plan 17.1406 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Short Term Fund-Quarterly Dividend Plan 13.5299 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Banking Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 31.2926 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Banking Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 78.4123 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Banking Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 78.4123 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend 47.6648 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund-Growth-Bonus 76.6486 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund-Growth-Growth 76.6486 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 15.1151 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 15.1151 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 15.1151 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 19.3456 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 27.3863 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 27.3863 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Growth Fund-Dividend Plan-(D) 53.3177 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Growth Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 68.9535 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Growth Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option 415.6732 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Media Entertainment Fund-Dividend Plan-Dividend Option 18.0409 03-Dec-2009 Reliance Media Entertainment Fund-Growth Plan-Bonus Option 2

The Dangers of Fossil Fuel Use :: Fossil Fuels Essays

The Dangers of Fossil Fuel Use Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary defines the term fossil fuel as â€Å"a fuel, as coal, oil, or natural gas, that is formed in the earth from plant or animal remains.† The major fossil fuels include coal, petroleum, and natural gases. Here in the United States, and all over the world, fossil fuel functions as an extremely beneficial resource. We use gas to fuel our cars and depend on electricity produced from coal and oil to heat and cool our homes. But, these positive aspects do not come without drawbacks. Environmental health, climate change, acid rain, and air pollution are among the top problems with fossil fuel production and consumption. (http://environment.about.com/library/weekly/aa050700.htm) Fossil fuel use creates severe impact on the environment in all stages of use: recovery, transportation, preparation/refining, storage, and end use. Recovery, the first stage is basically the process of coal mining. This includes the destruction of topsoil, and the risk of gushers or accidents. Also, recovery leads to discolored local creeks and rivers because of the acidic run-off of these waters (Lecture 3/11/02). Next, these resources must be transported all over the world, where they will go into the preparation and refining stage. During this stage, there is a risk that refuse or sludge will result from coal cleaning parts (Lecture 3/11/02). Also, air and water pollution may result from the process of petroleum refining, which involves the change of the chemical composition of petroleum to produce desirable chemicals and fuels. However, that means that the undesirable results are released to pollute the atmosphere. (Lecture 2/22/02) After being properly refined, the resources are stored. This stage may cause environmental problems such as gasoline leaks in underground tanks at gas stations. Finally, end use results in the release of pollutants from combustion. These pollutants include unburnt hydrocarbons, particulate matter, such as ash or soot, and sulfur and nitrogen oxides (Lecture 3/11/02). The combination of these pollutants often results in smog, a problem most pressing in California (http://www.sparetheair.org/). Major challenges exist concerning environmental problems with fossil fuel use. One challenge is to reduce fossil fuel use, in general, while also accommodating the increasing population and industrialization (Lecture 3/18/02). A second challenge is to remember to put human life before the need for industrialization. The National Resource Defense Council states that every year, some â€Å"64,000 people may die prematurely from cardiopulmonary causes linked to particulate air pollution".

Drugs - Cocaine and Crack Essay -- Persuasive Argumentative Essay Exa

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Cocaine and crack are among the most addictive substances known to modern science, and they have already ruined the lives of millions of Americans" (Morganthau and Miller, 208). Cocaine and crack are both dangerous, harmful drugs. Though pleasurable effects can be obtained from these drugs, the use of crack and cocaine cannot be worth the actual consequences that are inflicted on mind and body. The bad effects of these drugs, by far outweigh the good. Because crack and cocaine are so closely related, it is important to have a firm understanding of both drugs. Cocaine (coke) is made from the Erythroxylon coca plant, a coca tree that grows high in the Andes Mountains of South America. The coca farmers' purpose is to pick and process the leaves into a paste from which cocaine is extracted (Edwards, 64). These Indians of Bolivia and Peru chew the coca leaves to obtain a mild stimulation, which helps fight fatigue that is caused by the high altitudes at which they work. Chewing the leaves does not see to harm the users, because the stimulating chemical extracted from them is in such small quantities. They stop chewing the coca leaves when they come down from the high altitudes because there is no longer any need for it (Edwards, 63). Cocaine is known as the most potent drug (Mickey, 2). It is an odorless powder, sometimes crystalline, and sometimes fluffy white. Pure cocaine hydrochloride is so potent that a one-gram dose is lethal. Because very small quantities of cocaine induce euphoria, drug dealers "cut" the pure powder of cocaine with adulterants such as mannite, dextrose, lactose, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate (Edwards, 65). From cocaine comes crack, a very powerful drug that is an approximately 75... ...t?" Works Cited Beschner, George and Alfred S. Friedman. Teen Drug Use. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Health and Company, 1986. Edwards, Gabrielle I. Coping With Drug Abuse New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 1990. Knowles, Gordan James M.A. "Dealing Crack cocaine: A View From The Streets of Honolulu." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin July 1996: 1-8. Mickey, Dr. Robert. "Angel Dust, Crack, Grass, Ice, Junk." Christian Social ActionJune 1990: 8+. Morganthau, Tom and Mark Miller. "Tougher Law Enforcement Will Win the War Upon Drugs." War on Drugs. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 1990. Schroder, Donald D. "Cocaine Use Is Not Sensationalized." Chemical Dependency. St. Paul, Minnesota: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1985. Zonderman, Jon and Laurel Shader M.D.Drugs and DiseaseNew York, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Drugs - Cocaine and Crack Essay -- Persuasive Argumentative Essay Exa   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Cocaine and crack are among the most addictive substances known to modern science, and they have already ruined the lives of millions of Americans" (Morganthau and Miller, 208). Cocaine and crack are both dangerous, harmful drugs. Though pleasurable effects can be obtained from these drugs, the use of crack and cocaine cannot be worth the actual consequences that are inflicted on mind and body. The bad effects of these drugs, by far outweigh the good. Because crack and cocaine are so closely related, it is important to have a firm understanding of both drugs. Cocaine (coke) is made from the Erythroxylon coca plant, a coca tree that grows high in the Andes Mountains of South America. The coca farmers' purpose is to pick and process the leaves into a paste from which cocaine is extracted (Edwards, 64). These Indians of Bolivia and Peru chew the coca leaves to obtain a mild stimulation, which helps fight fatigue that is caused by the high altitudes at which they work. Chewing the leaves does not see to harm the users, because the stimulating chemical extracted from them is in such small quantities. They stop chewing the coca leaves when they come down from the high altitudes because there is no longer any need for it (Edwards, 63). Cocaine is known as the most potent drug (Mickey, 2). It is an odorless powder, sometimes crystalline, and sometimes fluffy white. Pure cocaine hydrochloride is so potent that a one-gram dose is lethal. Because very small quantities of cocaine induce euphoria, drug dealers "cut" the pure powder of cocaine with adulterants such as mannite, dextrose, lactose, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate (Edwards, 65). From cocaine comes crack, a very powerful drug that is an approximately 75... ...t?" Works Cited Beschner, George and Alfred S. Friedman. Teen Drug Use. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Health and Company, 1986. Edwards, Gabrielle I. Coping With Drug Abuse New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 1990. Knowles, Gordan James M.A. "Dealing Crack cocaine: A View From The Streets of Honolulu." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin July 1996: 1-8. Mickey, Dr. Robert. "Angel Dust, Crack, Grass, Ice, Junk." Christian Social ActionJune 1990: 8+. Morganthau, Tom and Mark Miller. "Tougher Law Enforcement Will Win the War Upon Drugs." War on Drugs. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 1990. Schroder, Donald D. "Cocaine Use Is Not Sensationalized." Chemical Dependency. St. Paul, Minnesota: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1985. Zonderman, Jon and Laurel Shader M.D.Drugs and DiseaseNew York, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.